Figure 1. AES 128 Expansion key
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Figure 2. AES 192 Expansion key
Figure 3. AES 256 Expansion key
b'YX\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e'
CBC mode encryption
| Register | Alias | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| R0 | - | Store the results of arithmetic operations |
| R1 | - | Store the address of the next instruction to be executed |
| R2-R3 | - | General-purpose registers |
| R4-R8 | - | Argument registers when calling functions |
| R9 | - | Platform-specific register, such as a thread-ID register on some systems |
| R10 | - | General-purpose register |
| R11 | FP | Frame Pointer |
| R12 | IP | Intra-procedure-call scratch register |
| R13 | SP | Stack Pointer |
| R14 | LR | Link Register or subroutine return address |
| R15 | PC | Program Counter |
| CPSR | - | Current Program Status Register |
| ARM | Usage | x86 |
|---|---|---|
| R0 | General Purpose | EAX |
| R1-R5 | General Purpose | EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI |
| R6-R10 | General Purpose | – |
| R11 (FP) | Frame Pointer | EBP |
| R12 | Intra Procedural Call | – |
| R13 (SP) | Stack Pointer | ESP |
| R14 (LR) | Link Register | – |
| R15 (PC) | <- Program Counter / Instruction Pointer -> | EIP |
| CPSR | Current Program State Register/Flags | EFLAGS |
| Category | Description |
|---|---|
| Data processing | Perform arithmetic and logical operations on data |
| Load/store | Move data between memory and registers |
| Control flow | Control the flow of execution in a program |
| Exception-generating | Trigger exceptions or interrupts |
| Synchronization | Manage concurrent access to shared data |
| System | Access system resources or perform other privileged operations |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| ADD | Add two registers or a register and an immediate value |
| SUB | Subtract two registers or a register and an immediate value |
| MUL | Multiply two registers |
| DIV | Divide two registers |
| AND | Perform a bitwise AND operation on two registers or a register and an immediate value |
| OR | Perform a bitwise OR operation on two registers or a register and an immediate value |
| XOR | Perform a bitwise XOR operation on two registers or a register and an immediate value |
| NOT | Perform a bitwise NOT operation on a register |
| SHL | Shift the bits in a register to the left by a specified number of positions |
| SHR | Shift the bits in a register to the right by a specified number of positions |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| LDR | Load a word from memory into a register |
| STR | Store a word from a register into memory |
| LDRSB | Load a signed byte from memory into a register |
| LDRSH | Load a signed half-word from memory into a register |
| LDRB | Load an unsigned byte from memory into a register |
| LDRH | Load an unsigned half-word from memory into a register |
| STB | Store a byte from a register into memory |
| STH | Store a half-word from a register into memory |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| B | Unconditionally branch to a specified address |
| BEQ | Branch to a specified address if two registers are equal |
| BNE | Branch to a specified address if two registers are not equal |
| BL | Branch to a specified address and save the return address in a register |
| BLE | Branch to a specified address if the value in a register is less than or equal to zero |
| BLX | Branch to a specified address and switch to Thumb mode |
| BX | Branch to a specified address and switch to ARM mode |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| SVC | Trigger a supervisor call (SVC) exception |
| BKPT | Trigger a breakpoint exception |
| HVC | Trigger a hypervisor call (HVC) exception |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| DMB | Ensure that all memory accesses before this instruction have completed before any memory accesses after this instruction are performed |
| DSB | Ensure that all memory accesses before this instruction have completed before the processor can execute any subsequent instructions |
| ISB | Ensure that all instructions before this instruction have completed before any subsequent instructions are executed |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| MRS | Read the value of a system register into a register |
| MSR | Write a value to a system register from a register |
| CPS | Change the current processor mode or the state of interrupts |
| SYS | Perform a privileged operation or access a system resource |
| Register | Usage |
|---|---|
| X0 | Store the results of arithmetic operations |
| X1-X7 | arguments and return value |
| X8 - X17 | temporary registers |
| X18 | Global pointer |
| X19-X28 | Callee-saved registers |
| X29 | Frame pointer |
| X30 | Link register or as a subroutine return address |
| SP | Stack pointer |
| PSTATE | processor state |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| FMADD | Perform a fused multiply-add operation |
| FMSUB | Perform a fused multiply-subtract operation |
| FMUL | Multiply two floating-point registers |
| FDIV | Divide two floating-point registers |
| FCMP | Compare two floating-point registers |
| FMOV | Move a floating-point value from one register to another |
| FCVT | Convert a floating-point value to a different data type |
| STLR | Store a word from a register into memory and make the store visible to other processors |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| LDUR | Load a word from memory into a register using an offset from the base register |
| STUR | Store a word from a register into memory using an offset from the base register |
| LDRD | Load two consecutive words from memory into two registers |
| STRD | Store two consecutive words from two registers into memory |
| LDXP | Load a word from memory using an address calculated from two registers |
| STXP | Store a word into memory using an address calculated from two registers |
| LDAR | Load a word from memory and make the load visible to other processors |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| CBZ | Branch to a specified address if the value in a register is zero |
| CBNZ | Branch to a specified address if the value in a register is not zero |
| BLR | Branch to the address stored in a register |
| RET | Return from a subroutine and restore the return address from the stack |
| BRK | Trigger a breakpoint exception |
| HLT | Halt the processor until an external event occurs |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| SVC | Trigger a supervisor call (SVC) exception |
| HVC | Trigger a hypervisor call (HVC) exception |
| SMC | Trigger a secure monitor call (SMC) exception |
| BRK | Trigger a breakpoint exception |
| HLT | Halt the processor until an external event occurs |
| ERET | Return from an exception or interrupt |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| DMB | Ensure that all memory accesses before this instruction have completed before any memory accesses after this instruction are performed |
| DSB | Ensure that all memory accesses before this instruction have completed before the processor can execute any subsequent instructions |
| ISB | Ensure that all instructions before this instruction have completed before any subsequent instructions are executed |
| CAS | Compare the value in a register with the value in memory, and store a new value in memory if they match |
| LDXR | Load a word from memory using an atomic read-modify-write operation |
| STXR | Store a word into memory using an atomic read-modify-write operation |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| MRS | Read the value of a system register into a register |
| MSR | Write a value to a system register from a register |
| SYS | Perform a privileged operation or access a system resource |
| HINT | Provide a hint to the processor about the expected behavior of the code |
| DCPS | Change the current processor mode or the state of interrupts |
| NOP | Do nothing |
| Number | Name | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| $0 | $zero, $r0 | Always zero |
| $1 | $at | Reserved for assembler |
| $2, $3 | $v0, $v1 | First and second return values, respectively |
| $4, ..., $7 | $a0, ..., $a3 | First four arguments to functions |
| $8, ..., $15 | $t0, ..., $t7 | Temporary registers |
| $16, ..., $23 | $s0, ..., $s7 | Saved registers |
| $24, $25 | $t8, $t9 | More temporary registers |
| $26, $27 | $k0, $k1 | Reserved for kernel (operating system) |
| $28 | $gp | Global pointer |
| $29 | $sp | Stack pointer |
| $30 | $fp | Frame pointer |
| $31 | $ra | Return address |
| Category | Description |
|---|---|
| Data processing | Instructions that perform arithmetic and logical operations on data stored in registers or memory |
| Control flow | Instructions that allow the processor to change the flow of execution in a program |
| Memory access | Instructions that allow the processor to read from and write to memory |
| Floating point | Instructions that support the use of floating point numbers in programs |
| Multimedia | Instructions that are optimized for processing multimedia data, such as audio and video |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
add | Add two values and store the result in a register |
sub | Subtract one value from another and store the result in a register |
mul | Multiply two values and store the result in a register |
div | Divide one value by another and store the result in a register |
and | Perform a bitwise AND operation on two values and store the result in a register |
or | Perform a bitwise OR operation on two values and store the result in a register |
xor | Perform a bitwise XOR operation on two values and store the result in a register |
nor | Perform a bitwise NOR operation on two values and store the result in a register |
| Category | Description |
|---|---|
| Data processing | Instructions that perform arithmetic and logical operations on data stored in registers or memory |
| Control flow | Instructions that allow the processor to change the flow of execution in a program |
| Memory access | Instructions that allow the processor to read from and write to memory |
| Floating point | Instructions that support the use of floating point numbers in programs |
| Multimedia | Instructions that are optimized for processing multimedia data, such as audio and video |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
daddu, dsubu | Add or subtract two 64-bit values and store the result in a register |
dmult, ddiv | Multiply or divide two 64-bit values and store the result in a register |
daddi, dsubi | Add or subtract a 64-bit value and an immediate value and store the result in a register |
daddiu, dsubiu | Add or subtract a 64-bit value and an immediate value (unsigned) and store the result in a register |
dmultu, ddivu | Multiply or divide two 64-bit values (unsigned) and store the result in a register |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
jalr.hb, jalr.hbr | Jump to a new address and store the return address in a register, with the option to specify a hint for the target address |
beqzalc, bnezalc | Branch to a new address if a value is equal to or not equal to zero, and store the return address in a register |
bgezalc, blezalc | Branch to a new address if a value is greater than or equal to or less than or equal to zero, and store the return address in a register |
bgezallc, blezallc | Branch to a new address if a value is greater than or equal to or less than or equal to zero (likely), and store the return address in a register |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
ld, sd | Load or store a 64-bit value from or to memory |
lwu, swu | Load or store a 64-bit value from or to memory (unsigned) |
lld, scd | Load a linked or store a conditional 64-bit value from or to memory |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
add.d, sub.d | Add or subtract two 64-bit floating point values and store the result in a register |
mul.d, div.d | Multiply or divide two 64-bit floating point values and store the result in a register |
cvt.d.w, cvt.d.l | Convert a 32-bit or 64-bit integer value to a 64-bit floating point value and store the result in a register |
cvt.w.d, cvt.l.d | Convert a 64-bit floating point value to a 32-bit or 64-bit integer value and store the result in a register |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
pack.d | Pack 64-bit integers into a single register |
unpack.d | Unpack 64-bit integers from a single register |
add.q | Perform an addition operation on packed data |
mul.q | Perform a multiplication operation on packed data |
| x86 | x64 | name | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| EAX | RAX | Accumulator | Store the results of arithmetic and logical operations |
| EBX | RBX | Base | Store the base address of memory operands |
| ECX | RCX | Counter | Store the count of iterative instructions |
| EDX | RDX | Data | Store the results of multiplication and division operations |
| ESP | RSP | Stack Pointer | Store the stack pointer |
| EBP | RBP | Base Pointer | Store the base pointer |
| ESI | RSI | Source Index | Store the source index for string operations |
| EDI | RDI | Destination Index | Store the destination index for string operations |
| x86 | x64 | Name | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| EFLAGS | RFLAGS | Flags | Store the current state of the CPU's flags, which are special bits that are used to control the execution of instructions |
| EIP | RIP | Instruction Pointer | Store the current instruction pointer, which is the address of the next instruction to be executed by the CPU. The instruction pointer is automatically updated by the CPU as instructions are executed, and it is used to determine the order in which instructions are executed |
| CS | CS | Code Segment | Store the code segment selector, which is a value that specifies the current segment of memory that is being used to store the instructions that are executed by the CPU |
| Instruction category | Description |
|---|---|
| Arithmetic instructions | These instructions perform basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They can operate on both integer and floating-point values. |
| Logic instructions | These instructions perform logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. They are often used for bitwise operations or to set or test individual bits in a register or memory location. |
| Data transfer instructions | These instructions are used to move data between registers, memory locations, or immediate values. They can also be used to load constants or perform memory address calculations. |
| Control flow instructions | These instructions are used to change the flow of execution in a program. They include conditional and unconditional jumps, subroutine calls and returns, and instructions for managing the stack. |
| String instructions | These instructions are used for efficient processing of strings, such as copying or comparing blocks of memory. They can operate on both byte-sized and word-sized strings. |
| Input/output instructions | These instructions are used to communicate with external devices such as keyboards, mice, printers, and other peripherals. They can be used to read or write data to and from specific memory-mapped IO ports or to control the flow of data between the CPU and these devices. |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| ADD | Adds two operands and stores the result in the destination operand. The operands can be registers, memory locations, or immediate values. |
| SUB | Subtracts the second operand from the first operand and stores the result in the destination operand. The operands can be registers or memory locations. |
| MUL | Multiplies the first operand by the second operand and stores the result in the destination operand. The first operand must be a register. |
| IMUL | Multiplies the first operand by the second operand and stores the result in the destination operand. The operands can be registers or memory locations. |
| DIV | Divides the first operand by the second operand and stores the result in the destination operand. The first operand must be a register. |
| IDIV | Divides the first operand by the second operand and stores the result in the destination operand. The operands can be registers or memory locations. |
| INC | Increments the value of the operand by one. The operand can be a register or a memory location. |
| DEC | Decrements the value of the operand by one. The operand can be a register or a memory location. |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| AND | Performs a bitwise AND operation on the two operands and stores the result in the destination operand. The operands can be registers, memory locations, or immediate values. |
| OR | Performs a bitwise OR operation on the two operands and stores the result in the destination operand. The operands can be registers, memory locations, or immediate values. |
| XOR | Performs a bitwise XOR operation on the two operands and stores the result in the destination operand. The operands can be registers, memory locations, or immediate values. |
| NOT | Performs a bitwise NOT operation on the operand, inverting each bit in the operand. The operand can be a register or a memory location. |
| SHL | Performs a bitwise left shift operation on the first operand, shifting the bits in the operand to the left by the number of bits specified by the second operand. The result is stored in the destination operand. |
| SHR | Performs a bitwise right shift operation on the first operand, shifting the bits in the operand to the right by the number of bits specified by the second operand. The result is stored in the destination operand. |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| MOV | Copies the value of the second operand to the destination operand. The operands can be registers, memory locations, or immediate values. The source and destination operands can be different sizes (e.g., a 32-bit register and a 16-bit memory location). |
| LEA | Loads the memory address of the second operand into the destination operand. The second operand must be a memory location, and the destination operand must be a register. This instruction can be used for address calculation. |
| PUSH | Pushes the value of the operand onto the stack. The operand can be a register, a memory location, or an immediate value. The stack pointer (ESP or RSP) is decremented by the size of the operand before the value is stored on the stack. |
| POP | Pops the top value from the stack and stores it in the destination operand. The destination operand can be a register or a memory location. The stack pointer (ESP or RSP) is incremented by the size of the operand after the value is popped from the stack. |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| JMP | Unconditionally jumps to the specified target instruction. The target can be specified as an absolute memory address or as a relative offset from the current instruction pointer. This instruction can be used to implement loops, branches, and other control structures. |
| CALL | Calls a subroutine at the specified target address. The target can be specified as an absolute memory address or as a relative offset from the current instruction pointer. This instruction pushes the return address (i.e., the address of the instruction following the call) onto the stack and transfers control to the target subroutine. |
| RET | Returns from a subroutine. This instruction pops the return address from the stack and transfers control to that address. This instruction is typically used at the end of a subroutine to transfer control back to the calling function. |
| INT | Generates a software interrupt. This instruction causes the CPU to transfer control to a predefined interrupt handler routine, specified by the interrupt number. This instruction can be used to request services from the operating system or to handle other exceptions or errors. |
| JE/JZ | Jumps to the target instruction if the zero flag (ZF) is set. The zero flag is set if the result of the previous operation was zero or if the operand was equal to the other operand (for comparison instructions). The target can be specified as an absolute memory address or as a relative offset from the current instruction pointer. |
|---|---|
| JNE/JNZ | Jumps to the target instruction if the zero flag (ZF) is not set. The zero flag is set if the result of the previous operation was non-zero or if the operand was not equal to the other operand (for comparison instructions). The target can be specified as an absolute memory address or as a relative offset from the current instruction pointer. |
| JG/JNLE | Jumps to the target instruction if the sign flag (SF) and the zero flag (ZF) are not set and the overflow flag (OF) is set. This condition indicates that the result of the previous operation was greater than zero. The target can be specified as an absolute memory address or as a relative offset from the current instruction pointer. |
| JGE/JNL | Jumps to the target instruction if the sign flag (SF) is not set. This condition indicates that the result of the previous operation was greater than or equal to zero. The target can be specified as an absolute memory address or as a relative offset from the current instruction pointer. |
| SYSCALL | Make system call in kernel, request services or access to resources. |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| MOVS | This instruction is used to copy a string of bytes from one memory location to another. |
| STOS | This instruction is used to store a string of bytes in memory. |
| SCAS | This instruction is used to compare a string of bytes in memory to a value specified in a register. |
| CMPS | This instruction is used to compare two strings of bytes in memory. |
| LODS | This instruction is used to load a string of bytes from memory into a register. |
| REPMOVS | This instruction is a variant of the MOVS instruction that can be used to repeat the string copy operation a specified number of times. |
| Instruction | Description |
|---|---|
| IN | This instruction is used to read a byte or word of data from an I/O port. |
| OUT | This instruction is used to write a byte or word of data to an I/O port. |
| INS | This instruction is used to read a string of bytes or words of data from an I/O port. |
| OUTS | This instruction is used to write a string of bytes or words of data to an I/O port. |
| INT | This instruction is used to generate a software interrupt, which can be used to invoke a specific interrupt handler to process the request. |
| INVD | This instruction is used to invalidate the contents of the processor's internal cache. This can be useful when performing I/O operations, as it ensures that the cache is up to date with the current contents of memory. |
// Use the -fstack-protector flag when compiling with GCC or Clang
gcc -fstack-protector myprogram.c
clang -fstack-protector myprogram.c